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Sunday, 30 January 2011

DNA blessings - and curses

Illustration © Kevin Brockbank

How extraordinary it is that the raw potential for everything about us and of course our dogs is encoded in something so small that until very recently even the most powerful microscope could not see it.  And yet today we can send off a drop of blood or a mouth swab from our beloved dogs and find out what’s going on inside them at a level that would have been considered quite unthinkable just a few years ago.
Without the discovery of DNA thousands more dogs would be suffering needlessly – from blindness, horrible neurological conditions and a host of other debilitating, painful and sometimes deadly diseases. And that’s because the discovery of DNA in 1953 has led – in the blink of an eye really – to tests that can help us avoid breeding dogs that will inflict these blighting problems on their puppies. 
Today, there are DNA tests for a growing number of conditions in our dogs. Most aim to give us an answer to: “Will this dog develop this condition?” And many more are on the way thanks to increasingly-sophisticated technology that can identify genetic mutations faster than ever before. No doubt about it – DNA tests are a modern miracle.
Good breeders have embraced the concept of DNA tests with great gusto. Many have helped contribute financially and have donated blood/cheek swabs to the researchers. And thanks to the current greater emphasis on health in pedigree dogs, there has been a many-fold increase in the number of breeders contacting the Animal Health Trust (UK’s main DNA-test development centre) to request and offer help in developing new DNA tests.
One of the most recent breakthroughs, for instance, has been a new test for Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) , a painful, blinding condition found in miniature bull terriers and Lancashire heelers.  “Both breeds have both been terrifically supportive and we absolutely  couldn't have done the work without them,” says the Animal Health Trust’s Cathryn Mellersh.  “They have volunteered DNA and information from their dogs and I have every confidence that they will use the test to its full advantage.”
The PLL mutation is very common in mini-bulls so the chances of puppies being affected are very high.  Now with this test, breeders can be sure that the puppies they produce will not go blind.  Mini-bull breeders must be whooping with joy – and with good reason.
But there’s been something niggling me for a long time: a fear that we are relying far too much on DNA tests to bail us out of the trouble in which pedigree dogs find themselves in, and that this gift from the geneticists is a double-edged sword.
The niggle turned to real concern at the recent publication by the Kennel Club of a press release entitled : “Eradication of inherited diseases in dogs moves a step closer”. The opening paragraph then went on to say: “The Kennel Club Charitable Trust strengthened its campaign to eliminate inherited diseases in dogs last week, as it signed its formal agreement with the Animal Health Trust (AHT), to jointly create the Kennel Club Genetics Centre and revealed some of the exciting findings so far.”
Eradicate? Eliminate? Now I’m all for optimism but there are more than 500 genetic diseases in dogs (and twice that number according to some estimates) and we currently have DNA tests for only around five per cent of them   The KC press release went on to say that the AHT will be looking to develop a further 25 tests in the next five years – all welcome, but still only a handful in the greater scheme of things.
In fact, any talk of elimination of inherited disease in dog is not just hopelessly premature – it’s dishonest. There isn’t a hope in hell of eradication and why anyone sanctioned the KC press release’s headline is beyond me.  Genetic disease is a fact of life (ironically a statement often used by those defending what they see as the ‘attack’ on pedigree dogs).  Really, the most we can hope for is to reduce problems to an acceptable level and DNA testing, while a wonderful tool, will only ever be part of the answer.
In the past few years, the Kennel Club has set great store by DNA tests, hence its considerable funding for the Animal Health Trust.  And you can understand the appeal. Quite simply, DNA tests appeared to offer the hope that you can fix problems without changing, fundamentally, the way we breed dogs. In other words, that we could continue to inbreed dogs to achieve the specific look/traits we want without paying the price in doubling up on the genetic disease that also tends to spread with inbreeding.  
But there are problems. First up is that the ability to look deep into our dogs’ DNA has revealed much more than dodgy mutations; it has shown us the nuts and bolts of what we’ve done to the dog genome – which is, essentially, to knacker it through inbreeding in the pursuit of certain traits that often have little to do with health. There is a price to be paid for this as it is increasingly obvious that inbreeding impairs our dogs’ immune systems, making them increasingly vulnerable to infection, allergies and other immune-mediated problems, even cancer. A group of Italian researchers has found that purebred dogs are twice as likely to suffer from cancer as their random-bred cousins.  A shocking statistic.
Second, all the current DNA tests are for conditions that are, in a genetic sense, simple. Most are caused by single mutations that are pretty easy for the gene hunters to spot.  But lots of problems in dogs are much more complicated than this.  We know, for instance, that there are likely to be many genes involved in hip dysplasia and that diet and exercise play an additional role in whether or not a dog is affected clinically.
Five years ago when I spoke to the KC’s genetics advisor Jeff Sampson about this, he was confident that there would be useful DNA tests for complex disorders like hip dyslasia. But today the emphasis is shifting towards developing Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs). This, essentially, is a breeding tool that assesses risk using nifty computer programmes into which can be fed all kinds of different information about a breed  – population size, the level of inbreeding, health-test results and so on. All breeders need to do is type in the names of the two dogs they wish to mate and out will pop an EBV score which will reveal if it’s a match made in health-heaven, or health-hell. The KC will be rolling out the first stage of this - Mate Select - at Crufts in March.
The beauty of EBVs is that they should be reliably predictive independent of DNA tests, although DNA data can be incorporated if and when it becomes available.  The hope is that EBVs will be better than what we currently have for complex disorders.  In the case of hip dysplasia, for instance, the early evidence is that EBVs are better at predicting an offspring’s hip-scores than the hip scores of the parents, which is how we tend to do it at the moment.
I like the idea of EBVs because they have the potential to look at the whole dog in the context of the whole breed.  I think we need to think more holistically about genes, too. Because although we talk merrily about the gene for this and for that, genes are not discrete entities that just do one thing . Genes can and do play many roles  - both individually and in combination with other genes. And neither are they pantomime goodies or baddies. 
 “It is risky to focus on just one gene at a time,” says biologist and saluki breeder John Burchard. “The idea 
that there are ‘bad’ genes and ‘good’ genes and that you can eliminate the ‘bad’ 
ones while keeping the ‘good’ ones is at best a dangerous over-simplification. Genes do not exist, or act, by themselves.”


The classic example of this is the genetic mutation that predisposes Africans to sickle-cell anaemia. It turns out that this mutation is life-saving in another respect: it protects against malaria.  So this mutation is both good and bad.  Now we don’t go much for genetic engineering in humans – but if we had decided to try and breed it out, millions more would die of malaria. We need, therefore, to be very careful about playing God with genes. 
This is particularly true with DNA tests for what are known as “heightened-risk” genes.  While some DNA tests are pretty conclusive – ie. if the dog has the mutation (or a double-dose if it’s a recessive condition), they will almost certainly develop the disease.  But others are not definitive.  Boxer breeder and geneticist Bruce Cattanach is currently struggling with the new “heightened-risk” DNA test for degenerative myelopathy (DM) in boxers.  “The test will tell you which dogs have two copies of the mutation and are theoretically likely to develop DM,” says Bruce. “The problem is that although British-bred boxers have tested positive for the mutation, we have no reports of DM in boxers in the UK.”
The problem may be because DM is a late-onset condition. Perhaps boxers are simply not living long-enough to develop it? Or perhaps, as is very likely, other genes yet to be identified are exerting an influence?  So do breeders remove otherwise good dogs from the gene pool simply when it’s by no means certain they would develop the problem? It’s a very tough choice.
“It's also exceedingly unlikely that
 this gene does nothing else other than affect the probability of DM,” adds saluki-breeder John Burchard. “One of the
 things it almost certainly does is form part of the "environment" in which other 
genes function. If you start tampering with that, the law of unintended 
consequences is all too likely to rise up and bite you in the arse.

 That's the danger of overenthusiastic DNA testing - most of the time we are 
indeed still tinkering in the dark.”
That said, it’s clear that some mutations do much more harm than good and we’d be well shot of them. We need to do it carefully though and over several monitored generations to be sure we’re not losing something important.  It’s for this reason that witch-hunts against dogs who are just carriers of a particular condition (but not themselves affected) are misplaced.  There is no reason why these dogs cannot be bred from, as long as it’s to a “clear” as none of the puppies will be affected. Some may themselves be carriers but as long as they are themselves DNA tested and bred carefully, there is no risk.  In this way, we will not further impoverish the small gene pools that threaten some breeds.
Finally, there’s the issue of cost. DNA tests through the Animal Health Trust currently cost about £50 each. As more tests come on-stream, DNA testing could become prohibitively expensive for breeders of some breeds.
“If I want to know if an adult Borzoi has cardiac problems, the least expensive way to do it is to take him to a lure course and test run him on an 800 yard course,” says Bonnie Dalzell, a US breeder of wonderfully-fit and functional working Borzoi “If he can do that a full racing speed twice in a row his heart is probably OK. Currently there are so many different ways that cardiac problems can be caused that the idea of having genetic testing for all of them is very difficult and could add up to thousands of dollars.”
The AHT’s Cathryn Mellersh predicts that one day breeders will be able to submit a single sample that will be run against all the known problems at a much cheaper cost than doing them all individually. She also points out that knowing that your dog, for instance, will not develop a blinding eye problem may negate the need for expensive annual eye tests.
But a reality-check is still in order. DNA tests are a wonderful resource - truly. But they are in themselves no guarantee that a dog is healthy because they measure just a tiny part of the whole dog. They are also no excuse for not tackling the fundamental reasons why genetic disease has become so prevalent in some breeds of dog – essentially a kennel-club system that to-date has promoted inbreeding and placed too much emphasis on how a dog looks.   But that, we hope, is changing…
This article is adapted from the version that first appeared in the December 2009 issue of Dogs Today Magazine

8 comments:

  1. Another superbly explained article that is bang on the money.
    The fairytale world that many breeders live in whereby they think they can navigate through the many genetic conditions prevalent in breeds by health testing, and get healthy, genetically diversified breeds, without fundamentally addressing breeding practices is just despairing.
    In my breed, one of the native endangered(the euphemistic term vulnerable, isn't appropriate)there are small breeding populations in only a handful of countries. Whilst it is very much a working gundog breed, health matters appear to reside with a group of predominantly American show breeders who churn out the same old tired stuff about testing for health. When they are challenged about not line breeding, using low COIs (low that is by pedigree dog standards) and heaven forbid, introducing fresh genetic material from another breed to replenish the junk status of the breed's genetic diversity, they trot out the same old show breeder knows best rubbish that is completely at odds with modern genetic knowledge.
    Please keep the good stuff coming.

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  2. Irish Water Spaniels? (Thank the lord for Google...). Am I right in remembering some interesting outcrossing going on in France? (Seem to remember mention of it on one of the canine genetics lists some time ago.)

    I had an Irish Water Spaniel x girl through my rescue recently. Gorgeous she was:

    http://www.blackretrieverx.co.uk/Black_Retriever_X_Rescue/Holly_1.html

    Jemima

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  3. Yes indeed, Inge Fischer, a German living in France (and an IWS person) with her partner (a Big Barbet person)crossed an IWS with a Barbet as I understand it, because she was fed up with losing IWS to cancer (a big problem). This was then back crossed to an IWS and registered with the French. By reciprocal agreement an IWS two generations removed was then allowed into the UK.
    Unfortunately, it has not been used at stud, even tho' it is a lovely looking IWS. However, this cross has been moved on in Holland.
    This is a good example, where everything was very transparent. There is an online pedigree database for IWS where this cross and the descendants are clear for all to see.
    We also have a very bad example in the UK where a litter of IWS x labs were registered as IWS, but unfortunately, for something not as noble as gentic health.

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  4. Ah that's right... I remember now. Why has the backcrossed IWS not been used here at stud? Have the descendents of the IWS x lab litter been bred from?

    Jemima

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  5. The back cross IWS, although offered at stud, has not been used almost certainly because it's not seen as a pedigree.
    One of the IWS x lab crosses are suspected of having been used as a single pup registered months after the rest of the litter from someone who has one of these dogs suddenly crops up now and again.
    The issue for me is not that it has taken place but the deception. I can understand back in 2003 why the KC weren't approached but if one cannot rely on the dogs in your own pedigree being legitimate then trying to determine modes of inheritance becomes an impossible task.

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  6. I just don't understand why you and others even care about pure bred dogs.. no one forces you to breed to any dog .. you may out cross.. cross breed, breed an Irish Water Spaniel to a Poodle if you want too.and then breed that to an Italian Greyhound. no one is stopping you.. create your own breeds.. start your own registries.. keep your own stud books.. do your own 'versions' of health testing.. why trash the KC and AKC .. no one forces you to use their services.. absolutely NO ONE
    You never have to register a dog with either group.. no need to 'hope for change' to a system that you obviously believe is broken.. start your own 'registry and pedigree data base' with your own criteria for what you and others who agree with you feel is appropriate to accomplish the goals you wish to reach... and stop whining.

    and the DNA for PLL is not only FABULOUS news.. it was done with the cooperation of breeders.. not to mention the funding from breeders and the KC and the AKC.. here is the funding source for the major study that was done in the uk;

    Funding

    UK Kennel Club Charitable Trust; American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation (Acorn Award Grant No. 567).
    I don't see your name here..so when you start your own registry.. I do hope you will be funding your own studies to further the health of what ever you wish to call your new 'breeds'..

    leave it to you to hear great news .. and then 'niggle' about it.. you are not 'for optimism' .. far from it..if you can find a flaw.. or make a complaint.. you will.. the KC did not say they WOULD eliminate or eradicate disease.. they only said they had taken one more step toward this worthy goal but reading between the lines makes for blogging material that is endless in its complaints and criticisms

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  7. What traits are they looking at collating EBV's for and how will they be measured? For instance I have found a link in Pugs between natural births in the maternal lines of a sire and the ability for his offspring to be born naturally. While this is hardly a widespread or scientific study it is certainly something I will continue to look for in a potential sire.

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  8. Just wondering while of 'health tests' and with the Kennel Club so keen on doing its best to have pedigree dogs 'Fit for Function' how come then one of the main tests - x-ray for hip dysplasia is not made 'Complusory' for All breeds??
    Sure its primordial that a dog has decent hips to be able to move properly?
    Yet the Kennel Club doesn't see necessary to introduce Hip Dysplasia x-rays for all breeds - so where is your 'Fit for Funcion' then???

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